Pollinator:A pollinator is an organism that moves pollen from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma of a flower. This helps to bring about fertilization of the ovules in the flower by the male gametes from the pollen grains.
Insect pollinators include bees, ants, flies including bee flies, hover flies and mosquitoes; both butterflies and moths; and flower beetles. Vertebrates, mainly bats and birds, but also some non-bat mammals (monkeys, lemurs, possums, rodents) and some lizards pollinate certain plants. Among the pollinating birds are hummingbirds, honey eaters and sun-birds with long beaks; they pollinate a number of deep-throated flowers.Importance of pollinators:Worldwide, more than 200,000 species of pollinators (NRC, 2007)play a role in the reproduction process for about 75% of all flowering plant species (NRC, 2007) (USFWS, 2009). Most pollinators visit flowers only for nectar, a sugar solution, while exploiting other protein resources. In their nectar quest, these pollinators unknowingly but efficiently vector pollen from flower to flower.
This step, known as pollination, is critical to the sexual reproduction of flowering plants.Pollinators and Their Threats:The following are the major groups of pollinators in the Northeastern United States:Bees:In the United States there are more than 3,550 species of native bees (N R C, 2007), which are the only group of pollinators specialized in collecting pollen and nectar.Most bees have hairy bodies and pollen collecting methods. Flowers pollinated by bees are generally aromatically scented, and petals are often brightly colored yellow or blue.Beetles:One of the biggest and oldest groups of pollinators are the beetles, but because in many species both larvae and adult stages feed on flowers, their role as pollinators is often underestimated.
Even though estimates indicate that in the U.S. and Canada 52 plant species are pollinated by beetles (NRC, 2007).
Typically, plant species that are pollinated by beetles have flowers with a strong fruity aroma, moderate nectar amounts, and are white, to dull white or green. Butterflies:In general, butterfly adults will pollinate a wide range of flowers but as larvae they require specific plant food sources. A good example is the monarch butterfly, which will lay eggs only on milkweeds. Butterflies are frequently associated with plants with red, yellow, and orange brightly colored flowers with large amounts of nectar that is deeply hidden.Birds:The most representative group of bird pollinators are the hummingbirds, with 18 species in United States (NRC,2007)Hummingbirds will pollinate brightly colored, tubular flowers that contain more diluted nectar than do flowers pollinated by bees.Flies: After bees, flies are considered the most important pollinators, and contribute to the pollination of many fruit and vegetable crops. According to the fossil record, flies might have been one of the first groups of pollinators (NRC, 2007).The flowers pollinated by flies are in general dark brown or purple and frequently have an unpleasant, carrion-like smell.
Most pollinating flies can mimic bees and are not an irritant to humans; these flies can be quite beautiful, and attractive to watch.Moths:Because most of their activity occurs at night, moths are often forget as pollinators. In order to be pollinated by moths, a plant will usually have nocturnal white flowers, with strong perfume and lots of nectar.
However, some moths are active early morning or evening; some even look like hummingbirds in size, and feed on phlox or other tubular flowers.Other Pollinators:Any animal seeking nectar or visiting flowers for other reasons has the potential of being a pollinator. The more dependent the animal is on the flower’s rewards, the more important its role as a pollinator.Some species of bats, opossums, ants, wasps, and thrips are also significant pollinators.
Today, there is strong evidence for a decline in pollinator abundance and diversity, especially of bees, butterflies, bats, and hummingbirds. The intensity of this condition varies for each species according to the particular threats it faces, but the problem is frequently associated to habitat destruction, invasive plant species, pesticide misuse, and climate change.Worldwide, more than 23 insect pollinator species have recently become extinct (NRC, 2007), and more than 34 pollinator species are endangered in the U.S. alone(USFWS,2007). Threats to pollinators Bees and other insect pollinators are disturbed by the same environmental threats as other species, including habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation; non-native species and diseases; pollution, including pesticides; and climate change.Habitat loss:The main threats facing pollinators are habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation. As native vegetation is replaced by roadways, manicured lawns, crops and non-native gardens, pollinators lose the food and nesting sites that are necessary for their survival.
Migratory pollinators face special challenges. If the distance between the suitable habitat patches along their migration route is too great, smaller, weaker individuals may die during their journey.Today’s agriculture industry claims millions of acres for monocrop production systems. The threats pollinators face as a result of these cropping methods include the lack of “weeds”, soil cultivation and pesticide misuse. Pesticides;The improper use of pesticides can negatively impact pollinators and their habitats.Pesticides include products, such as weed killers and insecticides, which are designed to prevent, destroy, reduce pests such as insects, mice and other animals, weeds, fungi, bacteria and viruses.
Pesticides are used in nearly every home, business, farm, school, hospital and park in the United States and are found almost everywhere in our environment.Harmful effect:By their very nature, most pesticides pose some risk of harm to humans, animals or the environment because they are designed to kill or adversely affect living organisms. The sublethal effect of pesticides may impair bees’ ability to learn, navigate, and defend themselves from pathogens.Beneficial aspect:However, at the same time, pesticides are useful to society because they are used to control or kill potential disease-causing organisms and insects, weeds and other pests. Therefore, it is important to use these products only when necessary (rather than on a regular schedule), use the minimum amount required to be effective, and to target application so that only the intended pest is affected.Invasive plant species, can take over pollinator habitats, displacing the native plant populations. Most invasive plants are opportunistic non-native plant species that have escaped cultivation.
Most were deliberately introduced, either as a food and fodder source, or by gardeners in search of exotic, pest-free, and fast-growing plants.Due to a high reproduction, dispersal, and growth rate, the most notorious noxious plants (e.g. kudzu) escape cultivation and become established in the wild and in disturbed sites.
Once established, these invasive plants can out-Compete the existent plant population, forming monocultures that do not provide pollinator food sources throughout season. Currently, billions of dollars are spent on removing invasive plant species.Many hybridized plant cultivars produce little or no nectar and/or pollen, thus little or no food for pollinators.
The plant breeder’s goal is to fashion plant cultivars more appealing to the consumer, not pollinators.Depending on the type of industry and demand, plants are bred for having less or no pollen, longer blooming season, more abundant and showier flowers, certain pest/pathogen resistance, or better yields. These changes can decrease the amount of rewards put forth by plants, having negative consequences on the pollinator’s diet.Climate change:Climate change disrupts the timing of plant-pollinator relationships.
They have equally devastating effects, elevated intensities of ultraviolet-B radiations and high levels of carbon dioxide can force some plant species to have delayed and or shorter blooming periods (NRC, 2007) Other environmental changes, such as pollution, may negatively affect pollinators’ ability to locate rewarding plants (Eilperin, 2008). Pollinators at risk:Human activities threaten key species,Example ,In the summer of 2013, the unthinkable happened, the eastern seaboard population of monarch butterflies those orange and black icons, whose life cycle and long migration to Mexico each fall are one of wonders of life crashed.People saw a handful, if any, in their gardens, and scientists say that number of monarchs that overwintered in Mexico in 2012-2013 was only 59% of those that overwintered the year before resulting in the smallest population of monarch ever counted in Mexico.Habitat loss and climate change add to that the effect of pesticides and herbicides, such as those that destroy milkweed, the food source for monarch larvae.Pollinators may also succumb to other poisons, infections or poor nutrition.
