Health promotion is the process which involves enabling individuals to gain control and improve their health. It does not merely focus on the individual behavior but also the environmental and social interventions of that individual (Kumar S 6). The purpose of health promotion is to influence individuals and communities to develop a healthier lifestyle by working together.
It focuses on both promotion of health and prevention of diseases. In this case, the nurses use this strategy to influence the children to promote healthy activities and changing those behaviors of the children which may put them at risk of diseases.Question BBecker’s health relief model deals with the relationship between an individual’s beliefs and his actions.
Moreover, it promotes health within individuals through four variables which include perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived susceptibility, and perceived barriers (Jones CL 567). Question CThe four components of health promotion are described below:Perceived susceptibility: The first component involved the individual’s perception of susceptibility towards the illness. For instance, everyone knows that smoking is injurious to health, but people still smoke because they assume that the percentage of them getting cancer because of smoking is very low (MJ 278).Perceived severity: The second component deals with a person’s perception of the disease and its severity to cause harm.Perceived benefits: The third components deals with the individual’s perception of the importance of the benefits gained in order to avoid the disease. It also characterizes the change in behavior a person is willing to do for it.Perceived barriers: The fourth component involves the barriers which may hinder or stop the individual from gaining the benefits. For instance, a person may not be able to part-take in healthy behavior due to a barrier he/she may be facing.
?Chapter 5Case Study 1Question AThe first degree relatives of Mrs. Johns include her parents and her two brother. The diseases of each are given below:Mother: diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, stroke, hypertension, and colon cancer.
Father: stroke, hypertension, smoker, hypercholesterolemia, heart attacks, renal steroids, alcoholism, and adult onset diabetes.First brother: hypertension, adult onset diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia.Second brother: healthy (no known or significant diseases)Based on the information given, the diseases related to the genetics within their family include hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, adult onset diabetes, heart attack, and heart stroke. Moreover, one of the brother in her family is healthy and shows no sign of any such diseases. However, that is because mutation within genetics does not necessarily affect all members rather a ratio (Schäffer 644). The fact that one of her brother remained unaffected is purely coincidental.Question BThe second degree relatives of Mrs.
Johns include her maternal grandparents, paternal grandparents, first cousins, and two of her mother’s siblings. The diseases of each of the relatives are given below:Maternal grandmother: hypertension, strokeMaternal grandfather: hypertension, heart attackPaternal grandmother: heart attackPaternal grandfather: alcoholismFirst cousin (Mabel): colon cancer, stroke, hypercholesterolemia, adult onset diabetes, hypertension.First cousin (George): Hodgkin LymphomaPatient’s mother’s sister (first): hypertension, hypercholesterolemiaPatient’s mother’s brother (second): hypercholesterolemia, adult onset diabetes, renal cancer, hypertension, smoker, heart attack.Based on the information given it can be deduced that the genetic-related diseases among the patient’s second relatives include hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, adult onset diabetes, heart attack, and heart stroke. The diseases are the same as that of the first relatives which shows that these diseases are being carried down within the entire family (Schäffer 645).
?Chapter 6Case Study 2Question AThe local inflammation in Mary’s foot was caused due to the leukocyte cells at the point of injury to fight of any infectious cells from entering the body. This in return causes redness, swelling and inflammation (Punchard 2). Question BBoth histamine and kinin play a crucial role in the inflammatory process of the human body. In the event of an injury as of Mary, the mast cells release pro inflammatory mediators which are histamine and kinin. Histamine is a vasoactive peptide, while kinin is a bioactive peptide when their reaction takes places, vasodilation is given as a result which smooths muscle contractions and eases the body.
As a result of that, leaky capillaries are formed which cause edema swelling pain and hyperalgia which cause inflammation on the injury (Punchard 4). However, histamine is particularly released by the body to the site of contact when the human body comes in contact with a pollen or animal dander.Question CMary exhibits the following five cardinal signs of inflammation:EdemaSwellingRednessDischarge of a liquid from the woundPainQuestion DSystemic effect of fever should be assessed by the nurse because of the infection and to reduce its chances of spreading.?Chapter 7Case Study 1Question APatients who are diagnosed with cancer tend to have heightened emotions because of the fear that they may be dying (National Cancer Institute 1).
It is because of that fear that the process of communication becomes difficult with the patients. In addition to that, Mrs Perez is in her reproductive age which influences the decision of removing her uterus all the more difficult.Based on the information given, it is evident that the mother should be the ideal candidate for the interpretation because she would have a better understanding with her daughter and also because she is bilingual (Stoner 144). Mrs.
Perez would trust her mother completely and that trust would influence the decision making process to run more smoothly in the effort to convince her to get her uterus removed in order to save her life.Furthermore, Mrs. Perez’s family are devoted catholic which means that she would look for spiritual guidance and pray for a miracle.
However, the priest who only speaks Spanish can also persuade her into carrying on with the operation in order to save her life and then devout herself to her prayers later on. Religious individuals such as Mrs. Perez tend to be easily persuaded by their religious leaders in the context that they are not doing anything wrong (R. Bret Leary 460). In the event that both the mother and the priest are unable to persuade her in order to save her life, the assistance of a fellow social worker from her church can be taken, preferably a woman. Usually, women feel more at ease while talking about sensitive matters with other women which can be used to ease the decision making process as well.
Question B First of all, the nurses would require to arrange an interpreter who can communicate the message effectively due to the patient being Hispanic. Secondly, her cultural aspects should also be taken into account regarding the Ash Wednesday, which is an important day for the Catholics with respect to their religion. Therefore, arranging a priest to guide her would greatly benefit the decision making process. Thirdly, the nurse should avoid giving out any information which may cause panic or misunderstanding due to the language barrier of Mrs. Perez. Lastly, her family and next of kin should be involved in all treatment plans which the medical staff would seem fit.
?Chapter 8Case Study 2Question A Patients that are diagnosed with autosomal dominant disorder have a mutated gene which is the dominant gene and is located on one of the non-sex chromosomes or autosomes. In this disorder, only one mutated gene is required to be affected. For instance, if the father has one recessive gene and one dominant gene while the mother has both recessive genes, the probability of the children being affect is 50% (Genetic Alliance; District of Columbia Department of Health. 81). This means that at each pregnancy, the chances of the children being affected is almost half.
Moreover, it is also not dependent on the gender of the children, rather the number of affected children are usually equal (Genetic Alliance; District of Columbia Department of Health. 82).Question BThe nurse would be required to inform Mr. Wayne that the probability of his children being affected is 50% because is an autosomal dominant disorder (Genetic Alliance; District of Columbia Department of Health. 75). Moreover, the gender of the children would not create any difference of opinion within this ratio, rather the male and female ratio is also half-half.Question CAs mentioned earlier in part A that the father would have one dominant and one recessive gene, while the mother has both recessive genes, it is possible that reduced penetrance or incomplete penetrance may occur due to the fact that all of the children would not be affected. Some of the children would not have the mutated allele, rather have both recessive genes (Genetic Alliance; District of Columbia Department of Health.
76).?Chapter 9Case StudyQuestion AMr. Edwards is diagnosed with paraplegia which requires the patients to receive special treatment in order to heal. However, paraplegia is such a disease whose intensity varies with respect to the location and the extent of the damage done on that location (Nas K 10).
The first assistance that Mr. Edwards would require is to be provided with a comfortable wheel chair since he had left his own wheel chair back to his home. In addition to that, it is also recommended to get an electric wheelchair so that the patient may feel more comfortable. Secondly, the prevention of bed sores and pressure sores is also crucial which are caused by either the inability to properly move or applied pressure on the certain areas of the body. This is quite a crucial step during the process because if left unattended it can become painful for the patient. Lastly, the urinal tract catheter must be clean in order to avoid any infections.
Question BThe ideal method to improve Mr. Edwards’s health would be to encourage him to move or develop a hobby. This would ensure that there is constant motion in his body which would greatly reduce the chances of any bed sores or pressure sores (Nas K 9). When patients of paraplegia do not move around much the likelihood of bed sores and pressures sores increase quite significantly. Mr. Edwards would require a thorough prevention education to increase his health. Relying solely on the antibiotics for the health improvement is a very costly and slow method.
However, by moving around and keeping the body in constant motion, the healing process would be greatly improved. Moreover, there is also a surgery involved in the treatment plan after which the patient would require guidance in order to increase his health and recover as soon as possible. ? Chapter 10Case StudyQuestion AThe patient may be in one of the following levels of physical idleness:• Level 1: Be able to walk, a relatively general pace, on level uncertainly; one flight or more however more shy of breath than typically.• Level 2: Walk one city square or 500 ft on level; climb one flight gradually without halting.• Level 3: Walk close to 50 ft on level without halting; unable to climb one set of stairs without stumbling or falling.• Level 4: Weakness along with dyspnea.Likewise, the patient appraisal demonstrated the accompanying criteria:• Difficult ROM.• Difficulty in admission of legitimate nourishment.• The understanding had assistive gadgets.• The quiet had individuals to aid engine work.• The patient may had advancing thrombophlebitis (e.g., calf torment, Homan’s sign, redness, confined swelling, an ascent in temperature).• Problems in disposal.• The challenges faced in skin trustworthiness for any signs of redness and tissue ischemia (especially shoulders, elbows, sacrum, hips, finished ears, foot sole areas, lower legs, and toes).Question BThe possible nursing diagnoses based on patient’s presentation include:• Risk for Trauma: Falls• Acute Pain related to fracture pain• Risk for Peripheral Neurovascular Dysfunction• Risk for Impaired Gas Exchange related to the body position• Impaired Physical Mobility related to the fracture• Impaired Skin Integrity related to lack of physical movement• Risk for Infection related to prolonged hospital stay• Deficient Knowledge related to treatment
