1.1 INTRODUCTION The first chapter deals about the nature of industry, conceptual and theoretical findings observed in L&T Construction under Human Resources department.
The profile of the industry and company is also included. 1.2 CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF TRAINING NEED ANAYLSISTraining needs analysis (TNA) is a process in which needs are identified and broken into their component parts to determine the solutions of the problem. It determines the gap between ‘what is’ and ‘what should be’ situations. It is the process used to identify the training and development needs of your employees (all trades, professions, employees and contractors), so that they can carry out their job effectively, safely and efficiently, and develop their careers (sucession planning). The TNA considers the skills, knowledge and attributes (behaviours) that your people need and how to identify and develop them effectively.
The outcome of your TNA should be a robust learning and development plan, based on identified requirements and linked to organisational, team and individual objectives. When carried out effectively, a TNA will have many positive effects for your organisation, teams and individuals, as the training which follows as a result of the TNA should be relevant and meet their development needs.1.1.1 THE TRAINING NEEDS ANALYSIS (TNA) PROCESSThe TNA process is about gathering information to identify gaps between job knowledge and skills required now or for future employment needs and the current knowledge and skills of an employee or group of employees.
Training and management development activity has to be properly planned and the first priority for anyone designing training programs is to figure out how the proposed training enhances an organizations ability to deliver quality and thereby stay in business. According to Richard D. Miller (1969) assessment of training needs, objectives setting, design implementation and evaluation are various phases in the process of training.
A training need may be described as existing any time an actual condition differs from a desired condition in the human, or “people” aspect of organization performance or, more specifically, when a change in present human knowledge’s, skills, or attitudes can bring about the desired performance (James H. Morrison, ASTD Hand book, 1976). There are three ways to get at training needs: 1. Assuming a performance problem has been identified with a particular group, survey that group for whom training may be needed, their supervisors, the receivers of the product or services provided by that 65 group, and their subordinates, if any. Here the focus is on the group responses which, when analyzed properly, can lead to the preparation of training for individuals, usually in groups.
2. Conduct organizational audits that review production financial, personnel, and other operational data from records and reports to uncover problem areas susceptible to correction through training and/or development. A full functional audit of an area may need to be conducted to get a thorough analysis of the situation. Here the focus is on “results” of activities, and work backward to the causes to identify training needs.
3. Assess an individual’s achievement levels, knowledge’s, potentials, behaviors, skills, and performance; prepare a needs analysis; and plan development and training specifically for that individual. Similar techniques may be used with groups of individuals, but the focus is on the individual, and the outcome should include individual development plans.1.1.
2 TRAINING DESIGNThe design stage of the training follows the TNA stage. During this stage, it is very important that training methods selected must match the training needs, and the training strategy and planning must be appropriate to the training objective and circumstances. The key parties that must be involved in the training design should include the organisation’s representative, the line management, the training manager and/or the training officer and the trainee. The application of the training procedures must be in the hands of personnel who are able to apply a variety of competences in flexible ways to mesh with the organisation’s operational considerations. The decision to determine the appropriate training strategy should be based on the training compatibility with the objectives, estimated likelihood of transfer of learning to the work situation, available resources and trainee related factors. From this, the training can be designed to be on-thejob, planned organisational experience, in-house programs, planned experience outside the organization, external courses, self-managed learning, or a combination of these approaches. In contrast to traditional training, the design of competence-based trainings must be based on explicit and measurable performance because it needs to reflect the actual expectations and performance in the work role.1.
1.3 TRAINING IMPLEMENTATIONTraining implementation is putting the training design into practice. The mechanistic “traditional” training approach has now greatly changed, replaced with the modern approach that emphasise more of coaching and facilitating. The training spectrum may vary from highly directive to free-learning, guided-learning, lecture/discussion, presentation, instruction and conditioning for individuals or as a group. The training needs to be different for different people but concurrent with the different kinds of tasks they undertake. In most situations, formal training entails deliberate and structured presentation of experiences and must be related to its purpose. The training policy and plan must be the key reference for implementing training.
Task force exercise, case discussion, simulation and games; role-play exercise, group discussion, individual exercise, presentation/lectures and behavior modelling are the common training methods, and may be carried out through external or internal providers. The trainer must be committed and equipped with wide-ranging toolkit of ideas, techniques, methods and approaches which can be adopted as and when most appropriate. On-the-job training is often very effective, flexible and relatively low-cost, but can be ineffective if it is too detached from the actual job-environment or, if it does not follow guidelines of standard training programs. Competence-based training often have modular outlines. It must take into account occupational constraints such as availability of target groups, training premises, possible need for several programs and the atmosphere at the job location. The training activity must be realistic to the preferred learning styles of the target group.
The delivery of training or learning needs to be clearly focused on what happens at the job place and not just what happens during the learning/training events1.1.4 TRAINING EVALUATIONTraining evaluation is the assessment of the total value of a training system, which considers the training course or program in technical, social as well as financial terms. It attempt to measure the overall cost benefit of the course.
It must encompass a systematic collection of data relevant to the selection, adoption or modification of training and developmental activities, and must be an on-going process from which continuous corrective action can be introduced to ensure an ever-improving training. There are differing views as to who should be evaluating the training, but most views tend to agree that senior managers, line managers, training managers, trainers and learners must be included. It is imperative that evaluations must be impartial. Evaluation should be done before training starts.
A baseline data must be established to measure the training program response, on-the-job action, business-focus results and the organisational impact of the training. Post-training evaluation is very important as the training itself is wasted if employees cannot transfer what they have learned. Training effectiveness is the sub-set of evaluation and is the desired outcome of the training evaluation. The explicit and implicit goals of training should be laid down in the cost and benefits analysis.
The criteria for determining the extent of indirect and social cost or benefit are very subjective. Training effectiveness is a value judgment, which is contingent upon the context of training; the baseline criteria set as the explicit and implicit training goals; and the accomplishment of these goals. The professional way to determine training effectiveness is often to validate training holistically by taking into account outcomes from both the organisation and the individual1.2 CONCEPTS USED AND THEIR DEFINITIONS IN THE STUDYTraining is the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies as result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies. Training has specific goals of improving one’s capability, capacity, and performance.Methods of Training:There are different methods of training for operating personnel (factory workers).
Training these workers becomes important because they handle equipment worth crores of rupees.• On the job training method Here the employees were divided into groups and one superior is allotted to every group. This superior or supervisor first demonstrates how the equipment must be handled, and then the worker is asked to repeat whatever he has observed in the presence of the supervisor.
This method makes it easy for the employee to learn the details about specific equipment. Once the worker studies the first equipment thoroughly the supervisor moves on to the next equipment and so on. • Apprenticeship training Here both theory and practical session are conducted. The theory sessions give theoretical information about the plant layout, the different machines, their parts and safety measures etc. The practical sessions give practical training in handling the equipment.
The apprentice may or may not be continued on the job after training.• Job rotation Here the employees transferred from one equipment to the other for a fixed amount of time until he is comfortable with all the equipments. At the end of the training the employee becomes comfortable with all the equipment. He is then assigned a specific task. JOB ANALYSISJob analysis is the process of determining how work should be organized and performed. It includes activities such as determining the optimal organizational structure, management reporting relationships, division of labour, job roles and responsibilities, job descriptions, required knowledge, skills and attitudes, compensation and rewards.
Job analysis may be conducted at many levels and with many purposes in mind. Swanson (1994) has identified three basic types of job performance analysis: Present performance problems, Performance improvement opportunities, and Future performance requirements.LEARNER ANALYSISLearner analysis is the investigation of the current and future audience for training. It is conducted to understand the prerequisite knowledge; skill and experience of the training audience to better target the intended training. It also includes examining the culture, learning styles, background, values and beliefs of the learners so as to match the training design and methodology to the learners.
CONTEXT ANALYSISContext analysis examines the environment in which the trainee learns. It includes training environment on the job. It also helps to identify barriers that prevent learning and ways to mitigate these problems.SKILL-GAP ANALYSISSkill-gap analysis is a specialized form of need assessment that examines and documents the gap between employees’ current skill and the skills needed to perform the job successfully. Significant gap between the current performance of employees and the desired or required performance helps the training designers to demonstrate a need for training depending on the skill areas the gaps point at.
These skill gaps also help in formulation of objectives and content of training.1.3 IMPORTANCE AND SCOPE OF THE STUDYTraining has existed from the inception of human being in different forms in the society. It is a medium to pass different skills from one generation to another. But with change in time, the magnitude of training has undergone sea change. Growth and development in technology has developed variety of methods and techniques in the way of training. These changes have added new dimensions to training and influenced the requirement of training.
Training of human resource is carried out at macro and micro level. At macro level training is necessary for generating awareness among people on social issues, educating people and spreading literacy in society for giving people an opportunity to live a better life. Training activities at micro level are oriented towards development of people working in the organization to perform better in their job and develop their competency on the job for growth of the organization. Thus every one takes training in some or other form for survival and sustenance on this planet.1.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY• Since most of the data are kept confidential, its hard to get clarified.• Time constraints• Since the sample size is 300 the result may not applicable for all employees.1.
6 PROFILE OF THE INDUSTRYThe construction industry is traditionally divided into three sub-sectors. They arethe construction of buildings , road, highway, and other “infrastructure” construction and specialty trades. It thus encompasses all the businesses that build either houses and office buildings or highways and bridges, as well as those who do the specialized work of electricians, plumbers and masons, who are typically involved in the construction of all kinds of structures. The construction industry is a significant part of our economy, employing over 8 percent of all wage earners.ROAD AHEADConstruction sector, which is the second largest employment generator after agriculture, comprising roads, ports, airports, bridges and real estate, has the multiplier potential to create benefits at least double the size of direct inputs, highlighted the study titled Construction industry. In the midst of doom and gloom in the global economy with consequential impact on India, highly job-oriented construction industry can give quite positive results in terms of stepping up economic growth, more employment and raising tax revenue for the government. The output multiplier demonstrates how an increase in demand of Indian construction sector can lead to an increase in overall output of the economy by 2.4 times thereby showcasing strong backward linkages of the sector with ancillary and complementary industries such as cement, steel, iron, bricks, sand, chemicals, heavy machines and equipment, sanitary ware, wood, electrical and other fixtures, paints and others, noted the study.
It is an acknowledged fact that construction has the potential to drive and revive manufacturing in any economy. The construction sectors’ contribution to GDP in India has stayed fairly constant at around 7-8% for the last five years. Indian construction industries highly fragmented. There are mostly unorganized players in the industry which work on the sub contracting basis. As the construction activity being labour intensive, construction companies have been mainly focusing on the mechanization over past few years. The Indian construction industry forms an integral part of the economy and a conduit for a substantial part of the development investment, is poised for the growth of industrialization, urbanization, economic development and people’s rising expectation for the improved quality of living. Construction constitutes 40% to 50% of india’s capital expenditure on projects in various sector such as highways, roads, railways, energy, airports, irrigation etc and is the second largest industry in india.
The construction industry is a major contributor towards India’s GDP, both directly and indirectly. It employs 33 million people, and any improvements in the construction sector affect a number of associated industries such as cement, steel, technology, skill-enhancement, etc. Construction usually is done or coordinated by general contracts, who specialize in one type of construction such as residential or commercial building.
Cost structure of the construction industry is dominated by raw material cost which is the major cost account for30 – 50% of the cost and subcontracting cost accounts for 20-40%. Today Indian sub continent is the second fastest growing economy in the world. The Indian construction industry has been playing a vital role in overall economic development of the country, growing at over 20% compound annual growth rate over past 5 years and contributing 8% to GDP.1.
7 PROFILE OF THE COMPANYLarsen ; Toubro is a US$14.3 billion technology, engineering, construction and manufacturing and financial services conglomerate. It addresses critical needs in key sectors including infrastructure, construction, hydrocarbon, power, defence and aerospace. Its footprint extends across seven countries in addition to India. A strong, customer-focused approach, conformance to global HSE standards and the constant quest for top-class quality have enabled the Company to sustain leadership in its major lines of business for over 75 years. L;T was rated 58th Most Innovative Company by Forbes International and 4th in the global list of ‘green companies’ in the industrial sector by Newsweek. It was voted among the most admired companies in the country by Fortune India, and rated 8th Most Powerful Brand in India by Brand Finance. It won The Economic Times Corporate Citizen of the Year Award – 2013, instituted by one of the world’s most widely sold business newspapers – The Economic Times.
A survey by a leading HR consultancy affirmed its reputation as a people-focused company, leading to the award for the ‘Most Attractive Employer’ in the industrial sector.HISTORYThe evolution of L&T into a major engineering and construction organisation is among the more remarkable success stories in Indian industry. It was founded in Mumbai (then Bombay) in 1938 by two Danish engineers, Henning Holck-Larsen and Soren Kristian Toubro. Beginning with the import of machinery from Europe, L&T took on engineering and construction assignments of increasing sophistication. Today, the company sets engineering benchmarks in terms of scale and complexity.1.8 CORPORATE SUSTAINABILITYL&T was the first company in India in the engineering & construction space to publicly disclose its sustainability performance. The Company’s annual Sustainability Reports highlight achievements and objectives across the traditional three ‘Ps’ of Planet, People and Profits.
All our Reports are rated A+ by Global Reporting Initiatives, indicating the highest level of disclosure. The recognition that the Company has secured from forums around the world affirm public perception of L;T as an organization that contributes significantly to the wellbeing of people.RECORD OF ACHIEVEMENTS• Technological support in the launch and tracking systems for Mangalyaan – India’s Mars Mission, and the only mission to successfully enter Martian orbit in its maiden attempt. Earlier L&T had also contributed to India’s lunar mission.• Metro projects being executed in Riyadh and Qatar as part of international consortiums. • Engaged in building major new airports in Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and int5880ernationally, in Sharjah, Oman.• Building major infrastructure projects including ports, specialised bridges and highway projects.• Design ; manufacture of a wide range of switchgear products and systems exported to over 30 countries.
1.8.1 L;T HYDROCARBON ENGINEERINGL;T Hydrocarbon Engineering delivers ‘design to build’ engineering and construction solutions on a turnkey basis in the oil ; gas, petroleum refining, chemicals ; petrochemicals and fertilizer sectors. In-house expertise, experience, and strategic partnerships enable it to deliver a single point solution for all projects – from front-end design through engineering, fabrication, project management, construction and installation and commissioning. Modular fabrication facilities at Hazira (India, west coast), Kattupalli (India, east coast) and Sohar (Oman) give L;T all-weather delivery capability. The Company’s operations are characterized by an overriding emphasis on safety, ontime delivery, cost competitiveness, high quality standards with focus on best in class IT security practices. Integrated strengths coupled with an experienced and highly skilled work force, are key enablers in delivering critical and complex projects.1.
8.2 TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE L&T is engaged in the turnkey construction of major infrastructure projects – expressways, bridges, runways and railway projects. The Company has been a leading player in rail infrastructure development for more than three decades, and has brought in new technologies and mechanised construction. L&T is the only private organisation in India qualified to undertake integrated rail construction projects of the Indian Railways.1.8.
3 HEAVY CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURE The Company undertakes heavy civil construction – underground metro rail corridors docks, container terminals, wharves and berths, jetties, breakwater and shore protection, and caissons. It has the expertise to design special launching and erection techniques, including special systems formwork for concrete deck on top of steel and concrete structures. Comprehensive engineering, procurement and construction services are offered for hydropower projects. L&T has also played a critical role in the development of technology for India’s nuclear power sector.1.8.4 BUILDING ; FACTORIES L;T occupies leadership position in the construction of major airports, IT parks, turnkey hospitals and residential buildings. Building ; Factories Business undertakes projects on a ‘concept to commissioning’ basis.
Its technological capabilities encompass tall towers and eco-friendly ‘green’ buildings. Its track record includes landmark structures such as the Baha’i temple in New Delhi.1.8.5 POWER TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION The focus is on sub-stations, industrial electrification, transmission line projects and railway construction on the domestic front, and power transmission and distribution projects. L&T has an extensive track record in the Middle East, and is recognised as a major player in the region. 1.
8.6 WATER PROJECTS & SOLAR ENERGY L&T’s Water ; Solar business caters to the entire value chain of water and solar EPC. The water and effluent treatment business covers water intake, transmission, treatment and distribution including industrial waste water treatment ; disposal and ordinary waste water treatment ; reuse segments. The water technology business uses advanced water treatment technologies for complex treatment projects – largely in the Middle East.
L;T’s Solar EPC business comprises solar photovoltaic (PV), concentrated solar power (CSP). 1.8.7 METALLURGICAL & MATERIAL HANDLING This Company undertakes turnkey construction contracts for projects in minerals & metals sector, and bulk material handling projects. It is a leader in all its areas of operations.
It has a structural steel fabrication unit at Kanchipuram to meet the customised needs of its wide client base.1.8.8 POWER L&T offers turnkey solutions for the power sector with a wide capability spectrum covering supercritical coal and gas based projects. The supercritical technology that L&T propagates is ‘greener’ than conventional techniques and represents a major advantage for industry. L&T’s integrated capabilities and in-house expertise encompass virtually every aspect of design, engineering, manufacture, construction and project management. The Company’s integrated manufacturing facility at Hazira near Surat is among the most advanced in the world for manufacturing state-of-the-art equipment for power plants – boilers, steam turbines, pulverizers, pressure piping, coaxial fans, air-pre-heaters and electrostatic precipitators. The complex also includes a modern casting and foundry shop.
1.8.9 HEAVY ENGINEERING L&T is acknowledged as one of the top five manufacturing companies in the world in the heavy engineering space. Operating at the higher end of the technological spectrum, L&T’s offerings straddle the segments of process plants and the strategic sectors of defence, nuclear and aerospace. New processes, products and materials have been introduced in manufacturing.
The Company also has the logistics capabilities of fabricating and supplying over-dimensional equipment to tight delivery schedules. Globally-benchmarked workshops are located at Powai in Mumbai, Hazira and Baroda in Gujarat, Talegaon in Maharashtra, and Sohar in Oman.1.8.10 SHIPBUILDING Two modern shipyards – one on the west coast of India at Hazira, and the other on the east coast at Kattupalli near Chennai establish L;T as a major shipbuilder.
A state-of- the-art Marine Design Centre is located at Chennai. L;T Shipbuilding focuses on four major business segments: Building warships, submarines and auxiliary vessels; Building specialized commercial ships; Repairs and re-fits of submarines as well as naval and commercial ships; Ship conversions. The Hazira Shipyard has the capability to build sophisticated mid-sized ships up to 20,000 t deadweight capacity, of 10 metres in length. The mega shipyard at Kattupalli also includes a container port and an offshore modular fabrication yard. It has a waterfront of 2.2 km, depth of 10m at berths and channel depths of 16 m.
1.8.11 ELECTRICAL ; AUTOMATION L;T is a major international manufacturer of a wide range of electrical and electronic products and systems. In the electrical segment, the Company holds leadership position in low tension switchgear in India, and is rapidly establishing itself in international markets. The product range also includes custom-engineered LV and MV switchboards for industrial sectors like power, refineries, petrochemical, cement.
In the electronic segment are a wide range of meters and complete control and automation systems for industries.1.8.12 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Larsen ; Toubro Infotech, a 100% subsidiary of L;T, offers comprehensive, end-to-end software solutions and services with a focus on Manufacturing, BFSI and Communications ; Embedded Systems. It provides a cost cutting partnership in the realm of offshore outsourcing, application integration and package implementation. Leveraging the heritage and domain expertise of the parent company, its services encompass a broad technology spectrum, catering to leading international companies across the globe.1.
8.13 TECHNOLOGY SERVICES L;T Technology Services provides leading-edge engineering solutions to multiple industry sectors like automotive, aerospace, consumer electronics, consumer packaged goods, marine, medical devices, off-highway equipment, railways, pharmaceuticals, oil ; gas, utilities, infrastructure and industrial products. With its global headquarters at Vadodara, the Company operates through dedicated engineering centres in tandem with onsite teams worldwide. Its client base includes several Fortune 500 companies. 1.8.
14 MACHINERY ; INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS The Company manufactures, markets and provides service support for industrial products, industrial machinery as well as construction and mining machinery. This includes a wide range of industrial valves for critical applications, rubber processing machinery, surface miners, hydraulic excavators, aggregate crushers and application engineered welding alloys and cutting tools.1.8.15 INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT L;T Infrastructure Development Projects Limited, a subsidiary, leverages domain expertise in construction and financial services, and is a major player in Public-PrivateProjects in India. L;T IDPL develops projects in various models – Build Own Transfer, Build Own Operate Transfer, Build Own Operate Share Transfer, and other variants including the annuity model. Major projects being executed by the Company include Hyderabad Metro Rail – the largest public-private rail project in the world, and ports at Dhamra and Kattupalli.
Multiple highway projects around the country have established L;T IDPL as the leader in the space. 1.8.16 FINANCIAL SERVICES L;T Financial Services – a publicly listed subsidiary – is a key player in India’s financial services sector. Its subsidiaries include L&T Finance Limited, L&T Infrastructure Finance Company Limited and L&T Asset Management Company Limited. The Company also provides Insurance related services through L&T General Insurance Company Limited.
1.1 INTRODUCTION The first chapter deals about the nature of industry, conceptual and theoretical findings observed in L&T Construction under Human Resources department. The profile of the industry and company is also included. 1.2 CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF TRAINING NEED ANAYLSISTraining needs analysis (TNA) is a process in which needs are identified and broken into their component parts to determine the solutions of the problem. It determines the gap between ‘what is’ and ‘what should be’ situations. It is the process used to identify the training and development needs of your employees (all trades, professions, employees and contractors), so that they can carry out their job effectively, safely and efficiently, and develop their careers (sucession planning).
The TNA considers the skills, knowledge and attributes (behaviours) that your people need and how to identify and develop them effectively. The outcome of your TNA should be a robust learning and development plan, based on identified requirements and linked to organisational, team and individual objectives. When carried out effectively, a TNA will have many positive effects for your organisation, teams and individuals, as the training which follows as a result of the TNA should be relevant and meet their development needs.1.1.1 THE TRAINING NEEDS ANALYSIS (TNA) PROCESSThe TNA process is about gathering information to identify gaps between job knowledge and skills required now or for future employment needs and the current knowledge and skills of an employee or group of employees. Training and management development activity has to be properly planned and the first priority for anyone designing training programs is to figure out how the proposed training enhances an organizations ability to deliver quality and thereby stay in business.
According to Richard D. Miller (1969) assessment of training needs, objectives setting, design implementation and evaluation are various phases in the process of training.A training need may be described as existing any time an actual condition differs from a desired condition in the human, or “people” aspect of organization performance or, more specifically, when a change in present human knowledge’s, skills, or attitudes can bring about the desired performance (James H.
Morrison, ASTD Hand book, 1976). There are three ways to get at training needs: 1. Assuming a performance problem has been identified with a particular group, survey that group for whom training may be needed, their supervisors, the receivers of the product or services provided by that 65 group, and their subordinates, if any. Here the focus is on the group responses which, when analyzed properly, can lead to the preparation of training for individuals, usually in groups.
2. Conduct organizational audits that review production financial, personnel, and other operational data from records and reports to uncover problem areas susceptible to correction through training and/or development. A full functional audit of an area may need to be conducted to get a thorough analysis of the situation. Here the focus is on “results” of activities, and work backward to the causes to identify training needs. 3. Assess an individual’s achievement levels, knowledge’s, potentials, behaviors, skills, and performance; prepare a needs analysis; and plan development and training specifically for that individual. Similar techniques may be used with groups of individuals, but the focus is on the individual, and the outcome should include individual development plans.
1.1.2 TRAINING DESIGNThe design stage of the training follows the TNA stage. During this stage, it is very important that training methods selected must match the training needs, and the training strategy and planning must be appropriate to the training objective and circumstances. The key parties that must be involved in the training design should include the organisation’s representative, the line management, the training manager and/or the training officer and the trainee. The application of the training procedures must be in the hands of personnel who are able to apply a variety of competences in flexible ways to mesh with the organisation’s operational considerations. The decision to determine the appropriate training strategy should be based on the training compatibility with the objectives, estimated likelihood of transfer of learning to the work situation, available resources and trainee related factors.
From this, the training can be designed to be on-thejob, planned organisational experience, in-house programs, planned experience outside the organization, external courses, self-managed learning, or a combination of these approaches. In contrast to traditional training, the design of competence-based trainings must be based on explicit and measurable performance because it needs to reflect the actual expectations and performance in the work role.1.1.3 TRAINING IMPLEMENTATIONTraining implementation is putting the training design into practice.
The mechanistic “traditional” training approach has now greatly changed, replaced with the modern approach that emphasise more of coaching and facilitating. The training spectrum may vary from highly directive to free-learning, guided-learning, lecture/discussion, presentation, instruction and conditioning for individuals or as a group. The training needs to be different for different people but concurrent with the different kinds of tasks they undertake.
In most situations, formal training entails deliberate and structured presentation of experiences and must be related to its purpose. The training policy and plan must be the key reference for implementing training. Task force exercise, case discussion, simulation and games; role-play exercise, group discussion, individual exercise, presentation/lectures and behavior modelling are the common training methods, and may be carried out through external or internal providers. The trainer must be committed and equipped with wide-ranging toolkit of ideas, techniques, methods and approaches which can be adopted as and when most appropriate. On-the-job training is often very effective, flexible and relatively low-cost, but can be ineffective if it is too detached from the actual job-environment or, if it does not follow guidelines of standard training programs.
Competence-based training often have modular outlines. It must take into account occupational constraints such as availability of target groups, training premises, possible need for several programs and the atmosphere at the job location. The training activity must be realistic to the preferred learning styles of the target group. The delivery of training or learning needs to be clearly focused on what happens at the job place and not just what happens during the learning/training events1.1.4 TRAINING EVALUATIONTraining evaluation is the assessment of the total value of a training system, which considers the training course or program in technical, social as well as financial terms. It attempt to measure the overall cost benefit of the course. It must encompass a systematic collection of data relevant to the selection, adoption or modification of training and developmental activities, and must be an on-going process from which continuous corrective action can be introduced to ensure an ever-improving training.
There are differing views as to who should be evaluating the training, but most views tend to agree that senior managers, line managers, training managers, trainers and learners must be included. It is imperative that evaluations must be impartial. Evaluation should be done before training starts. A baseline data must be established to measure the training program response, on-the-job action, business-focus results and the organisational impact of the training. Post-training evaluation is very important as the training itself is wasted if employees cannot transfer what they have learned.
Training effectiveness is the sub-set of evaluation and is the desired outcome of the training evaluation. The explicit and implicit goals of training should be laid down in the cost and benefits analysis. The criteria for determining the extent of indirect and social cost or benefit are very subjective. Training effectiveness is a value judgment, which is contingent upon the context of training; the baseline criteria set as the explicit and implicit training goals; and the accomplishment of these goals. The professional way to determine training effectiveness is often to validate training holistically by taking into account outcomes from both the organisation and the individual1.2 CONCEPTS USED AND THEIR DEFINITIONS IN THE STUDYTraining is the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies as result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies. Training has specific goals of improving one’s capability, capacity, and performance.
Methods of Training:There are different methods of training for operating personnel (factory workers). Training these workers becomes important because they handle equipment worth crores of rupees.• On the job training method Here the employees were divided into groups and one superior is allotted to every group. This superior or supervisor first demonstrates how the equipment must be handled, and then the worker is asked to repeat whatever he has observed in the presence of the supervisor.
This method makes it easy for the employee to learn the details about specific equipment. Once the worker studies the first equipment thoroughly the supervisor moves on to the next equipment and so on. • Apprenticeship training Here both theory and practical session are conducted. The theory sessions give theoretical information about the plant layout, the different machines, their parts and safety measures etc. The practical sessions give practical training in handling the equipment. The apprentice may or may not be continued on the job after training.• Job rotation Here the employees transferred from one equipment to the other for a fixed amount of time until he is comfortable with all the equipments.
At the end of the training the employee becomes comfortable with all the equipment. He is then assigned a specific task. JOB ANALYSISJob analysis is the process of determining how work should be organized and performed. It includes activities such as determining the optimal organizational structure, management reporting relationships, division of labour, job roles and responsibilities, job descriptions, required knowledge, skills and attitudes, compensation and rewards. Job analysis may be conducted at many levels and with many purposes in mind. Swanson (1994) has identified three basic types of job performance analysis: Present performance problems, Performance improvement opportunities, and Future performance requirements.
LEARNER ANALYSISLearner analysis is the investigation of the current and future audience for training. It is conducted to understand the prerequisite knowledge; skill and experience of the training audience to better target the intended training. It also includes examining the culture, learning styles, background, values and beliefs of the learners so as to match the training design and methodology to the learners.CONTEXT ANALYSISContext analysis examines the environment in which the trainee learns. It includes training environment on the job.
It also helps to identify barriers that prevent learning and ways to mitigate these problems.SKILL-GAP ANALYSISSkill-gap analysis is a specialized form of need assessment that examines and documents the gap between employees’ current skill and the skills needed to perform the job successfully. Significant gap between the current performance of employees and the desired or required performance helps the training designers to demonstrate a need for training depending on the skill areas the gaps point at.
These skill gaps also help in formulation of objectives and content of training.1.3 IMPORTANCE AND SCOPE OF THE STUDYTraining has existed from the inception of human being in different forms in the society.
It is a medium to pass different skills from one generation to another. But with change in time, the magnitude of training has undergone sea change. Growth and development in technology has developed variety of methods and techniques in the way of training. These changes have added new dimensions to training and influenced the requirement of training. Training of human resource is carried out at macro and micro level. At macro level training is necessary for generating awareness among people on social issues, educating people and spreading literacy in society for giving people an opportunity to live a better life.
Training activities at micro level are oriented towards development of people working in the organization to perform better in their job and develop their competency on the job for growth of the organization. Thus every one takes training in some or other form for survival and sustenance on this planet.1.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY• Since most of the data are kept confidential, its hard to get clarified.
• Time constraints• Since the sample size is 300 the result may not applicable for all employees.1.6 PROFILE OF THE INDUSTRYThe construction industry is traditionally divided into three sub-sectors. They arethe construction of buildings , road, highway, and other “infrastructure” construction and specialty trades. It thus encompasses all the businesses that build either houses and office buildings or highways and bridges, as well as those who do the specialized work of electricians, plumbers and masons, who are typically involved in the construction of all kinds of structures. The construction industry is a significant part of our economy, employing over 8 percent of all wage earners.ROAD AHEADConstruction sector, which is the second largest employment generator after agriculture, comprising roads, ports, airports, bridges and real estate, has the multiplier potential to create benefits at least double the size of direct inputs, highlighted the study titled Construction industry. In the midst of doom and gloom in the global economy with consequential impact on India, highly job-oriented construction industry can give quite positive results in terms of stepping up economic growth, more employment and raising tax revenue for the government.
The output multiplier demonstrates how an increase in demand of Indian construction sector can lead to an increase in overall output of the economy by 2.4 times thereby showcasing strong backward linkages of the sector with ancillary and complementary industries such as cement, steel, iron, bricks, sand, chemicals, heavy machines and equipment, sanitary ware, wood, electrical and other fixtures, paints and others, noted the study. It is an acknowledged fact that construction has the potential to drive and revive manufacturing in any economy. The construction sectors’ contribution to GDP in India has stayed fairly constant at around 7-8% for the last five years. Indian construction industries highly fragmented.
There are mostly unorganized players in the industry which work on the sub contracting basis. As the construction activity being labour intensive, construction companies have been mainly focusing on the mechanization over past few years. The Indian construction industry forms an integral part of the economy and a conduit for a substantial part of the development investment, is poised for the growth of industrialization, urbanization, economic development and people’s rising expectation for the improved quality of living. Construction constitutes 40% to 50% of india’s capital expenditure on projects in various sector such as highways, roads, railways, energy, airports, irrigation etc and is the second largest industry in india.
The construction industry is a major contributor towards India’s GDP, both directly and indirectly. It employs 33 million people, and any improvements in the construction sector affect a number of associated industries such as cement, steel, technology, skill-enhancement, etc. Construction usually is done or coordinated by general contracts, who specialize in one type of construction such as residential or commercial building. Cost structure of the construction industry is dominated by raw material cost which is the major cost account for30 – 50% of the cost and subcontracting cost accounts for 20-40%. Today Indian sub continent is the second fastest growing economy in the world. The Indian construction industry has been playing a vital role in overall economic development of the country, growing at over 20% compound annual growth rate over past 5 years and contributing 8% to GDP.1.
7 PROFILE OF THE COMPANYLarsen ; Toubro is a US$14.3 billion technology, engineering, construction and manufacturing and financial services conglomerate. It addresses critical needs in key sectors including infrastructure, construction, hydrocarbon, power, defence and aerospace. Its footprint extends across seven countries in addition to India. A strong, customer-focused approach, conformance to global HSE standards and the constant quest for top-class quality have enabled the Company to sustain leadership in its major lines of business for over 75 years.
L;T was rated 58th Most Innovative Company by Forbes International and 4th in the global list of ‘green companies’ in the industrial sector by Newsweek. It was voted among the most admired companies in the country by Fortune India, and rated 8th Most Powerful Brand in India by Brand Finance. It won The Economic Times Corporate Citizen of the Year Award – 2013, instituted by one of the world’s most widely sold business newspapers – The Economic Times. A survey by a leading HR consultancy affirmed its reputation as a people-focused company, leading to the award for the ‘Most Attractive Employer’ in the industrial sector.HISTORYThe evolution of L&T into a major engineering and construction organisation is among the more remarkable success stories in Indian industry. It was founded in Mumbai (then Bombay) in 1938 by two Danish engineers, Henning Holck-Larsen and Soren Kristian Toubro. Beginning with the import of machinery from Europe, L&T took on engineering and construction assignments of increasing sophistication.
Today, the company sets engineering benchmarks in terms of scale and complexity.1.8 CORPORATE SUSTAINABILITYL&T was the first company in India in the engineering & construction space to publicly disclose its sustainability performance. The Company’s annual Sustainability Reports highlight achievements and objectives across the traditional three ‘Ps’ of Planet, People and Profits. All our Reports are rated A+ by Global Reporting Initiatives, indicating the highest level of disclosure. The recognition that the Company has secured from forums around the world affirm public perception of L;T as an organization that contributes significantly to the wellbeing of people.
RECORD OF ACHIEVEMENTS• Technological support in the launch and tracking systems for Mangalyaan – India’s Mars Mission, and the only mission to successfully enter Martian orbit in its maiden attempt. Earlier L&T had also contributed to India’s lunar mission.• Metro projects being executed in Riyadh and Qatar as part of international consortiums. • Engaged in building major new airports in Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and int5880ernationally, in Sharjah, Oman.• Building major infrastructure projects including ports, specialised bridges and highway projects.• Design ; manufacture of a wide range of switchgear products and systems exported to over 30 countries.1.8.
1 L;T HYDROCARBON ENGINEERINGL;T Hydrocarbon Engineering delivers ‘design to build’ engineering and construction solutions on a turnkey basis in the oil ; gas, petroleum refining, chemicals ; petrochemicals and fertilizer sectors. In-house expertise, experience, and strategic partnerships enable it to deliver a single point solution for all projects – from front-end design through engineering, fabrication, project management, construction and installation and commissioning. Modular fabrication facilities at Hazira (India, west coast), Kattupalli (India, east coast) and Sohar (Oman) give L;T all-weather delivery capability. The Company’s operations are characterized by an overriding emphasis on safety, ontime delivery, cost competitiveness, high quality standards with focus on best in class IT security practices. Integrated strengths coupled with an experienced and highly skilled work force, are key enablers in delivering critical and complex projects.1.
8.2 TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE L&T is engaged in the turnkey construction of major infrastructure projects – expressways, bridges, runways and railway projects. The Company has been a leading player in rail infrastructure development for more than three decades, and has brought in new technologies and mechanised construction. L&T is the only private organisation in India qualified to undertake integrated rail construction projects of the Indian Railways.1.
8.3 HEAVY CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURE The Company undertakes heavy civil construction – underground metro rail corridors docks, container terminals, wharves and berths, jetties, breakwater and shore protection, and caissons. It has the expertise to design special launching and erection techniques, including special systems formwork for concrete deck on top of steel and concrete structures. Comprehensive engineering, procurement and construction services are offered for hydropower projects. L&T has also played a critical role in the development of technology for India’s nuclear power sector.
1.8.4 BUILDING ; FACTORIES L;T occupies leadership position in the construction of major airports, IT parks, turnkey hospitals and residential buildings. Building ; Factories Business undertakes projects on a ‘concept to commissioning’ basis. Its technological capabilities encompass tall towers and eco-friendly ‘green’ buildings. Its track record includes landmark structures such as the Baha’i temple in New Delhi.
1.8.5 POWER TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION The focus is on sub-stations, industrial electrification, transmission line projects and railway construction on the domestic front, and power transmission and distribution projects. L&T has an extensive track record in the Middle East, and is recognised as a major player in the region.
1.8.6 WATER PROJECTS & SOLAR ENERGY L&T’s Water ; Solar business caters to the entire value chain of water and solar EPC. The water and effluent treatment business covers water intake, transmission, treatment and distribution including industrial waste water treatment ; disposal and ordinary waste water treatment ; reuse segments.
The water technology business uses advanced water treatment technologies for complex treatment projects – largely in the Middle East. L;T’s Solar EPC business comprises solar photovoltaic (PV), concentrated solar power (CSP). 1.8.7 METALLURGICAL & MATERIAL HANDLING This Company undertakes turnkey construction contracts for projects in minerals & metals sector, and bulk material handling projects.
It is a leader in all its areas of operations. It has a structural steel fabrication unit at Kanchipuram to meet the customised needs of its wide client base.1.8.8 POWER L&T offers turnkey solutions for the power sector with a wide capability spectrum covering supercritical coal and gas based projects. The supercritical technology that L&T propagates is ‘greener’ than conventional techniques and represents a major advantage for industry.
L&T’s integrated capabilities and in-house expertise encompass virtually every aspect of design, engineering, manufacture, construction and project management. The Company’s integrated manufacturing facility at Hazira near Surat is among the most advanced in the world for manufacturing state-of-the-art equipment for power plants – boilers, steam turbines, pulverizers, pressure piping, coaxial fans, air-pre-heaters and electrostatic precipitators. The complex also includes a modern casting and foundry shop. 1.8.9 HEAVY ENGINEERING L&T is acknowledged as one of the top five manufacturing companies in the world in the heavy engineering space.
Operating at the higher end of the technological spectrum, L&T’s offerings straddle the segments of process plants and the strategic sectors of defence, nuclear and aerospace. New processes, products and materials have been introduced in manufacturing. The Company also has the logistics capabilities of fabricating and supplying over-dimensional equipment to tight delivery schedules. Globally-benchmarked workshops are located at Powai in Mumbai, Hazira and Baroda in Gujarat, Talegaon in Maharashtra, and Sohar in Oman.1.8.10 SHIPBUILDING Two modern shipyards – one on the west coast of India at Hazira, and the other on the east coast at Kattupalli near Chennai establish L;T as a major shipbuilder.
A state-of- the-art Marine Design Centre is located at Chennai. L;T Shipbuilding focuses on four major business segments: Building warships, submarines and auxiliary vessels; Building specialized commercial ships; Repairs and re-fits of submarines as well as naval and commercial ships; Ship conversions. The Hazira Shipyard has the capability to build sophisticated mid-sized ships up to 20,000 t deadweight capacity, of 10 metres in length. The mega shipyard at Kattupalli also includes a container port and an offshore modular fabrication yard. It has a waterfront of 2.2 km, depth of 10m at berths and channel depths of 16 m.1.
8.11 ELECTRICAL ; AUTOMATION L;T is a major international manufacturer of a wide range of electrical and electronic products and systems. In the electrical segment, the Company holds leadership position in low tension switchgear in India, and is rapidly establishing itself in international markets. The product range also includes custom-engineered LV and MV switchboards for industrial sectors like power, refineries, petrochemical, cement. In the electronic segment are a wide range of meters and complete control and automation systems for industries.1.8.12 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Larsen ; Toubro Infotech, a 100% subsidiary of L;T, offers comprehensive, end-to-end software solutions and services with a focus on Manufacturing, BFSI and Communications ; Embedded Systems.
It provides a cost cutting partnership in the realm of offshore outsourcing, application integration and package implementation. Leveraging the heritage and domain expertise of the parent company, its services encompass a broad technology spectrum, catering to leading international companies across the globe.1.8.13 TECHNOLOGY SERVICES L;T Technology Services provides leading-edge engineering solutions to multiple industry sectors like automotive, aerospace, consumer electronics, consumer packaged goods, marine, medical devices, off-highway equipment, railways, pharmaceuticals, oil ; gas, utilities, infrastructure and industrial products.
With its global headquarters at Vadodara, the Company operates through dedicated engineering centres in tandem with onsite teams worldwide. Its client base includes several Fortune 500 companies. 1.8.14 MACHINERY ; INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS The Company manufactures, markets and provides service support for industrial products, industrial machinery as well as construction and mining machinery.
This includes a wide range of industrial valves for critical applications, rubber processing machinery, surface miners, hydraulic excavators, aggregate crushers and application engineered welding alloys and cutting tools.1.8.15 INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT L;T Infrastructure Development Projects Limited, a subsidiary, leverages domain expertise in construction and financial services, and is a major player in Public-PrivateProjects in India. L;T IDPL develops projects in various models – Build Own Transfer, Build Own Operate Transfer, Build Own Operate Share Transfer, and other variants including the annuity model. Major projects being executed by the Company include Hyderabad Metro Rail – the largest public-private rail project in the world, and ports at Dhamra and Kattupalli. Multiple highway projects around the country have established L;T IDPL as the leader in the space. 1.
8.16 FINANCIAL SERVICES L;T Financial Services – a publicly listed subsidiary – is a key player in India’s financial services sector. Its subsidiaries include L&T Finance Limited, L&T Infrastructure Finance Company Limited and L&T Asset Management Company Limited. The Company also provides Insurance related services through L&T General Insurance Company Limited.
